Fig. 1: The proper time to place a sealant is shown in these images, but it is not observed in practice by most dentists and staff members. The time has come to use sealants effectively and at the right time. (Images courtesy of Dr. Rella Christensen TRAC Research, Provo, Utah). Click here to enlarge image• Sealants should be placed by dental hygienists or dental assistants where legally permissible. A complicating factor is that when the tooth requires cutting with a bur or aluminum oxide, the clinical procedure can no longer be classified as a sealant. It is a restoration requiring tooth-cutting and placement of the restorative material by a dentist. It also requires a higher fee, and it causes families with children needing sealants or restorations to pay an avoidable higher financial burden. The fee for a Class I restoration is about three times more than the fee for a sealant, and the dentist must do the treatment, not the staff person. This is another factor mandating the placement of sealants before six months after tooth eruption.
• The sealant procedure I will describe is a proven success, and does not have to be performed by a dentist. It does not involve tooth-cutting. When the tooth structure is cut by a bur or an aluminum oxide air abrasion, this procedure must be done by a dentist by law. If observable carious lesions are present, I strongly suggest placing a conventional restoration, not a sealant.
The steps for performing a sealant by a staff member are:
1) Clean the tooth. Use an air slurry polisher (Cavitron® Jet Plus™, Prophy-Jet™, or many other brands) on the grooves of the tooth. This sodium bicarbonate slurry removes stain, plaque, and any minimal calculus that may be present. If this is not done, acid used in the sealant technique cannot penetrate into the tooth grooves, plaque remains, and in my opinion, the sealant is doomed to eventual failure beginning on the day it was placed. Stain or calculus on the tooth surface will also provide a false positive reading with the DIAGNOdent. Remove the stain and calculus!
2) Diagnose the tooth for caries. Observe the tooth clinically with a radiograph or a DIAGNOdent. If no overt observable carious lesions are present, continue to step three.
3) Neutralize the sodium bicarbonate residue. Place conventional phosphoric acid gel or liquid into the grooves for a few seconds to neutralize the basic sodium bicarbonate. Wash off the soluble “salt” produced in the acid-base reaction.
4) Acid-etch the tooth. Use your routine acid-etching material, either liquid or gel, to produce a standard acid etch of the grooves. If the grooves are especially deep, tracing them with a sharp explorer will assist in eliminating the bubbles in the grooves. Wash off the acid.
5) Wet the grooves with unfilled liquid resin. Use any unfilled resin to break the surface tension in the groove area. As an example, this liquid can be the last component of any multi-bottle bonding agent, such as the commonly used second component of CLEARFIL™ SE (Kuraray) bond or other brands. After applying this material, blow on the tooth surface to the extent that only a very thin layer of the liquid remains.
6) Place the sealant. For more than 20 years, I have used as my sealant material a very small amount of the same fully-filled restorative resin that I place in a typical Class I or Class II resin restoration. The technique is simple. Place a small amount of the putty restorative resin on the groove area. Place your bonding-agent lubricated fingertip on the resin on the occlusal surface, warm up the resin for a few seconds with your finger, push the resin into the grooves, slide your finger off the tooth to the facial or lingual, observe the bulk of resin to make sure it is not too much, and cure the resin. You have now placed a “sealant” that will last indefinitely! If you prefer to place more flowable conventional sealant materials, do so. However, you should expect the conventional sealant materials to have a shorter service life than standard restorative resins due to lower filler content, less strength, and less adequate wear resistance.
If my comments sound too strong, I apologize. In my opinion, the sealant concept has been abused, overdone, used at inappropriate times, and had remarkable numbers of clinical failures observed by all clinical dentists. It is time to make this useful preventive concept serve as it most assuredly can do, and as it was initially intended to do.
Assuming sealants are placed as I have just described, they are a “win-win” for all concerned — dentists, staff, parents, and patients — because:
- Tooth structure is preserved
- Cost to parents is lower
- The technique is predictable
- Staff persons enjoy the procedure
- The technique is painless
- The “sealant/restoration” serves for a long time
- The practice has a predictable, revenue-producing, appreciated procedure
Having dental hygienists and dental assistants collect diagnostic data makes them a more important part of the team, reduces diagnostic costs, allows more time to be spent in careful exams, and improves staff self-esteem and office revenue.
Our newest video, “Efficient Diagnostic Data Collection by Auxiliaries,” discusses staff becoming highly involved with diagnostic data collection, and it relates closely to the question in this article. Call (800) 223-6569 or visit www.pccdental.com for further information.
Dr. Christensen is a practicing prosthodontist in Provo, Utah, and dean of the Scottsdale Center for Dentistry. He is the founder and director of Practical Clinical Courses, an international continuing-education organization initiated in 1981 for dental professionals. Dr. Christensen is a cofounder (with his wife, Rella) and senior consultant of CLINICIANS REPORT (formerly Clinical Research Associates), which since 1976 has conducted research in all areas of dentistry.